AHRI:Health and Demographic Surveillance System: Deaths and Causes of Death from Verbal Autopsies (2000-2024) DDI.AHRI.VerbalAutopsy.Harmonisation Nompumelelo Mkwanazi Africa Health Research Institute Nesstar Publisher AHRI:Health and Demographic Surveillance System: Deaths and Causes of Death from Verbal Autopsies (2000-2024) AHRI.VerbalAutopsy.Harmonisation Ariane Sessego Siyabonga Nxumalo Dickman Gareta Dr. Alison Castle Dr. Guy Harling Prof. Mark Siedner Prof. Janet Seeley Prof. Collins Iwuji Prof. Willem Hanekom Dr. Kobus Herbst

Sweetness Dube

AHRI Data Collection Team

AHRI Community Engagement Team

Nompumelelo Mkwanazi

We thank the household members of the HDSS. We acknowledge the support of the study and field staff at the Africa Health Research Institute, particularly the verbal autopsy nurses, who made this study possible

We would also like to thank the openVA team who developed and implemented the tools used here to estimate causes of death and provided support during part of the production process. In particular, we would like to thank Jason Thomas, Sam Clark, Zehang Richard Li and Tyler McCormick

Africa Health Research Institute Nesstar Publisher Wellcome Trust SAPRIN Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales French Institute of Demographic Studies 201433/Z/16/A DSI-SAMRC v1.0.0 South Africa, mortality, deaths, causes of death, verbal autopsy, surveillance Population Surveillance, Deaths, Causes of death, Verbal Autopsy, Circumstances of death Harmonisa data South Africa AHRI's Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in uMkhanyakude District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. From 2000 to 2016, the HDSS covered an area of 438 km2 with a population of approximately 85 000 people. It expanded in 2017 to cover an area of 845 km2 and ~150,000 participants (Gareta et al. 2021). . Deceased individuals Population surveillance (death registration) and survey data (verbal autopsies) This dataset is not based on a sample, it contains information from the complete demographic surveillance area. ). Cause-of-death Estimation Causes of death were estimated using the R package openVA (Li et al. 2023). Default parameters were used for InterVA5 and InSilicoVA. For InSilicoVA, the seed used was 19800508 (date of the declaration of smallpox eradication!). The detailed code is available on Github (, src/CoD_attribution.R). Compared to InterVA5, InSilicoVA does not have pre-defined rules to select the top causes of death (Byass et al. 2012). For this dataset, InSilicoVA's top causes of death were selected according to the following criteria (similar to InterVA's rules): a cause is considered “Undetermined” if the most probable cause is associated with a mean posterior probability <= 40%, otherwise the most probable cause is selected as the first cause. A second and a third cause are selected, if their mean posterior probability is higher or equal to 20%. We included the 95% posterior credible interval (CI) for each selected cause. Note that a small minority of deaths might have a mean posterior probability outside of their CI due to skewed probability distributions. Reference: · Byass, Peter, Daniel Chandramohan, Samuel J. Clark, et al. 2012. 'Strengthening Standardised Interpretation of Verbal Autopsy Data: The New InterVA-4 Tool'. Global Health Action 5 (1): 19281. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v5i0.19281. · Li, Zehang Richard, Jason Thomas, Eungang Choi, Tyler H. McCormick, and Samuel J. Clark. 2023. 'The openVA Toolkit for Verbal Autopsies'. The R Journal, February 25, 1.]]> Access to the data requires accurate completion of the online data access application form accessible on the AHRI Data repository(<https://data.ahri.org/>). Data users are required to abide by the data use conditions stipulated on the application for access to the data. Failure to do so may result in their data access privileges being revoked by the Data Custodian. In order to recognise the effort and intellectual contributions of AHRI investigators in producing and curating the data, users of AHRI data must acknowledge the source of the data and abide by the terms and conditions under which the data is accessed and must cite the dataset in publication using the citation provided as part of this documentation. All analytical datasets published on the AHRI Data Repository are assigned digital object identifier (DOIs) and the DOIs can be found on the Data Repository under Study Description tab - Access policy. AHRI data users are required to always cite the dataset using the relevant DOI. AHRI.HDSS.DEATHS-Cause-of-death-2000-2024.v1.NSDstat 27431 33 Nesstar 200801 AHRI.HDSS.VA-detailed-input-data-2000-2024.v1.NSDstat 26168 359 Nesstar 200801 Unique Internal Id of Individual 27431 0 11 275724 80283.541 61433.995 Date of birth (Year-Month) 27431 0 Date of Death (Year-Month) 27431 0 What was the sex of the deceased? 27431 0 0 Unknown 1 1 Male 13752 2 Female 13678 Age in completed years Numeric 27431 0 0 122 44.813 24.463 Age in days for deceased that died before the age of 1 1313 26118 0 364 141.107 104.024 Was the verbal autopsy not completed? 27431 0 1 Yes 1263 2 No 26168 997 Not Applicable 0 999 Missing 0 Was it a non-contact? 8322 19109 1 Yes 273 2 No 8049 997 Not Applicable 0 999 Missing 0 Sysmiss 19109 Was participation refused ? 8323 19108 1 Yes 335 2 No 7988 997 Not Applicable 0 999 Missing 0 Sysmiss 19108 Verbal autopsy questionnaire used for data collection (dates are indicative) 27431 0 1 AHRI Form (2000-2016) 1204 2 WHO 2016 standard (2017-2021) 5041 3 WHO 2022 standard (2022-2024) 2668 4 AHRI Form & Checklist1(CL1)(2000-2009) 12121 5 AHRI Form & Checklist2(CL2)(2010-2016) 4308 6 AHRI Form, CL1 & CL2 (2010) 826 997 Not Applicable 1263 VA Visit Date 27431 2000-01-15 9997-01-01 Interview modality (face-to-face in the field or telephonic) 27431 0 1 Field Interview 23050 2 Telephonic Interview 4381 Respondent's relationship to deceased (important classification change in 2017) 26249 1182 1 Another Relationship 778 2 Child 2360 3 Child 2250 4 Daughter-in-law 751 5 Father-in-law 6 6 Family Member(Household Member) 2857 7 Friend 2 8 Grandchild 758 9 Grandparent 1327 10 Mother-in-law 172 11 Other 346 12 Other non-relative 521 13 Other relative 3198 14 Parent 6060 15 Public Official 1 16 Sibling 2568 17 Son-in-law 19 18 Spouse 2275 Sysmiss 1182 Did the respondent live with the deceased in the period leading to death? 24971 2460 1 Yes 22727 2 No 2244 997 Not Applicable 0 999 Missing 0 Sysmiss 2460 Where did the deceased die? 25082 2349 1 Home 11190 2 Hospital 10840 3 Other Health facility 844 4 Other 2009 5 On route to hospital or facility (only from 2017 on) 199 Sysmiss 2349 Cause 1 - InterVA5 causes of death 27431 0 Likelihood cause 1 - InterVA5 causes of death 26168 1263 0.4 1 0.907 0.156 11 .. Cause 2 - InterVA5 causes of death 2198 0 Likelihood cause 2 - InterVA5 causes of death 2198 25233 0.2 0.5 0.375 0.0682 11 .. Cause 3 - InterVA5 causes of death 71 0 Likelihood cause 3 - InterVA5 causes of death 71 27360 0.21 0.28 0.237 0.0194 11 .. 27431 0 26168 0 Probability cause 1 95% CI upper bound - InSilicoVA 25381 0 Probability cause 1 95% CI lower bound InSilicoVA 25381 0 4079 0 4079 0 Probability cause 2 95% CI upper bound - InSilicoVA 4079 0 Probability cause 2 95% CI lower bound InSilicoVA 4079 0 178 0 178 0 Probability cause 3 95% CI upper bound - InSilicoVA 178 0 Probability cause 3 95% CI lower bound InSilicoVA 178 0 26168 0 11 275724 80219.112 61584.186 Did s(he) die during the wet season? 26168 0 Did s(he) die during the dry season? 26168 0 Was he male? 26168 0 Was she female? 26168 0 Was s(he) aged 65 years or more at death? 26168 0 Was s(he) aged 50 to 64 years at death? 26168 0 Was s(he) aged 15 to 49 years at death? 26168 0 Was s(he) aged 5-14 years at death? 26168 0 Was s(he) aged 1 to 4 years at death? 26168 0 Was s(he) aged 1 to 11 months at death? 26168 0 Was s(he) aged < 1 month (28 days) at death? 26168 0 Was s(he) a live baby who died within 24 hours of birth? 26168 0 Was s(he) a baby who died between 24 and 48 hours of birth? 26168 0 Was s(he) a baby who died more than 48 hours from birth, but within the first we 26168 0 Was s(he) a baby who died after the first week, but within the first month? 26168 0 Was she a woman aged 12-19 years at death? 26168 0 Was she a woman aged 20-34 years at death? 26168 0 Was she a woman aged 35 to 49 years at death? 26168 0 Was she married at the time of death? 26168 0 Did (s)he suffer from any injury or accident that led to her/his death? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured in a road traffic accident? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured in a non-road transport accident? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured in a fall? 26168 0 Was (s)he poisoned in any way? 26168 0 Did (s)he die of drowning? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured by the bite or sting of a venomous animal? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured by an animal or insect (non-venomous) 26168 0 Was (s)he injured by burns or fire? 26168 0 Was (s)he subject to violence (suicide, homicide, abuse)? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured by a fire arm? 26168 0 Was (s)he stabbed, cut or pierced? 26168 0 Was (s)he strangled? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured by a blunt force? 26168 0 Was (s)he injured by a force of nature? 26168 0 Was (s)he electrocuted? 26168 0 Was the injury accidental? 26168 0 Was the injury or accident self-inflicted? 26168 0 Was the injury or accident intentionally inflicted by someone else? 26168 0 Did the baby ever cry? 26168 0 Did the baby cry immediately after birth, even if only a little bit? 26168 0 Was it more than 5 minutes after birth before the baby first cried? 26168 0 Did the baby stop being able to cry? 26168 0 Did the baby stop crying more than a day before (s)he died? 26168 0 Did the baby ever move? 26168 0 Did the baby ever breathe? 26168 0 Did the baby breathe immediately after birth, even a little? 26168 0 Did the baby have a breathing problem? 26168 0 Was the baby given assistance to breathe at birth? 26168 0 If the baby didn't show any sign of life, was it born dead? 26168 0 Were there any bruises or signs of injury on child's body after the birth? 26168 0 Was the baby's body soft, pulpy and discoloured with the skin peeling away? 26168 0 Did the final illness last less than 3 weeks? 26168 0 Did the final illness last at least 3 weeks? 26168 0 Did (s)he die suddenly? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of tuberculosis? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of HIV/AIDS? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a recent positive test by a health professional for malaria? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a recent negative test by a health professional for malaria? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of dengue fever? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of measles? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of high blood pressure? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of heart disease? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of diabetes? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of asthma? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of epilepsy? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of cancer? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonar 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a physician or health worker of dementia? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of depression? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of stroke? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of sickle cell disease? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of kidney disease? 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of liver disease? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have a fever? 26168 0 Did the fever last less than a week before death? 26168 0 Did the fever last at least one week, but less than 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did the fever last at least 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did the fever continue until death? 26168 0 Was the fever severe? 26168 0 Was the fever continuous? 26168 0 Did (s)he have night sweats? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have a cough? 26168 0 Did the cough last less than 3 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did the cough last at least 3 weeks before death? 26168 0 Was the cough productive, with sputum? 26168 0 Was the cough very severe? 26168 0 Did (s)he cough up blood? 26168 0 Did (s)he make a whooping sound when coughing? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have any difficulty breathing? 26168 0 Did the difficult breathing last for at least 3 days before death? 26168 0 Was the difficult breathing continuous during this period? 26168 0 Did (s)he have fast breathing? 26168 0 Did the fast breathing last for less than two weeks before death? 26168 0 Did the fast breathing last for at least 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did (s)he have breathlessness? 26168 0 Did the breathlessness last for less than 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did the breathlessness last for at least 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Was (s)he unable to carry out daily routines due to breathlessness? 26168 0 Was (s)he breathless while lying flat? 26168 0 Did you see the lower chest wall/ribs being pulled in as the child breathed? 26168 0 Did his/her breathing sound like wheezing or grunting? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have chest pain? 26168 0 Was the chest pain severe? 26168 0 Did (s)he experience chest pain at least 3 days before death? 26168 0 Did the chest pain last for at least 30 minutes? 26168 0 Did (s)he have diarrhoea? 26168 0 Did (s)he have diarrhoea for less than 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did (s)he have diarrhoea for at least 2 weeks but less than 4 weeks before death 26168 0 Did (s)he have diarrhoea for at least 4 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did the baby or child have at least 4 stools on the day that loose liquid stools 26168 0 Did the frequent loose or liquid stools start at least 3 days before death? 26168 0 Did the frequent loose or liquid stools continue up until death? 26168 0 At any time during the final illness was there blood in the stools? 26168 0 Was there blood in the stool up until death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he vomit? 26168 0 Did (s)he vomit in the week preceding the death? 26168 0 Did (s)he vomit for at least 3 days before death? 26168 0 Was there blood in the vomit? 26168 0 Was the vomit black? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have any abdominal (belly) probl 26168 0 Did (s)he have abdominal pain? 26168 0 Was the abdominal pain severe? 26168 0 Did (s)he have severe abdominal pain for less than 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did (s)he have severe abdominal pain for at least 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Was the pain in the upper abdomen? 26168 0 Was the pain in the lower abdomen? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a more than usually protruding abdomen? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a more than usually protruding abdomen for less than 2 weeks befo 26168 0 Did (s)he have a more than usually protruding abdomen for at least 2 weeks befor 26168 0 Did (s)he develop the protruding abdomen rapidly? 26168 0 Did (s)he have any mass in the abdomen? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a mass in the abdomen for less than 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a mass in the abdomen for at least 2 weeks before death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have a severe headache? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have a stiff neck? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a stiff neck for less than one week before death? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a stiff neck for at least one week before death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have a painful neck? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a painful neck for at least one week before death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have mental confusion? 26168 0 Did (s)he have mental confusion for at least 3 months before death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, was (s)he unconscious? 26168 0 Was (s)he unconscious for at least 24 hours before death? 26168 0 Was (s)he unsconscious for at least 6 hours before death? 26168 0 Did the unconsciousness start suddenly, quickly (at least within a single day)? 26168 0 Did the unconsciousness continue until death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have any convulsions? 26168 0 Did (s)he experience any generalized convulsions or fits? 26168 0 Did the convulsions last for less than 10 minutes? 26168 0 Did the convulsions last for at least 10 minutes? 26168 0 Did (s)he become unconscious immediately after the convulsion? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have any urine problems? 26168 0 Did (s)he stop urinating? 26168 0 Did (s)he go to urinate more often than usual? 26168 0 Did (s)he pass blood in the urine? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have any sores or ulcers anywher 26168 0 Did (s)he have sores? 26168 0 Did the sores have clear fluid and/or pus? 26168 0 Did (s)he have an ulcer (pit) on the foot? 26168 0 Did any ulcer ooze pus? 26168 0 Did the ulcer ooze pus for at least 2 weeks? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have any skin rash? 26168 0 Did (s)he have the skin rash for less than one week? 26168 0 Did (s)he have the skin rash for at least one week? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a rash on the face? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a rash on the trunk or abdomen? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a rash on the extremities? 26168 0 Did (s)he have a rash everywhere? 26168 0 Did (s)he have measles rash? 26168 0 Did (s)he ever have shingles or herpes zoster? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did her/his skin flake off in patches? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did he/she have areas of the skin that tur 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did he/she have areas of the skin with red 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he bleed from anywhere? 26168 0 Did (s)he bleed from the nose, mouth or anus? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have noticeable weight loss? 26168 0 Was (s)he severely thin or wasted? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did s/he have a whitish rash inside the mo 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have stiffness of the whole body 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have puffiness of the face? 26168 0 Did (s)he have puffiness of the face for at least one week before death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have swollen legs or feet? 26168 0 Did the swelling last for at least 3 days before death? 26168 0 Did (s)he have both feet swollen? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have general puffiness all over 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have any lumps? 26168 0 Did (s)he have any lumps or lesions in the mouth? 26168 0 Did (s)he have any lumps in the neck? 26168 0 Did (s)he have any lumps in the armpit? 26168 0 Did (s)he have any lumps in the groin? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, was (s)he in any way paralysed? 26168 0 Did (s)he have paralysis of only one side of the body? 26168 0 Was only the right side of the body paralysed? 26168 0 Was only the left side of the body paralysed? 26168 0 Was only the lower part of the body paralysed? 26168 0 Was only the upper part of the body paralysed? 26168 0 Was only one leg paralysed? 26168 0 Was only one arm paralysed? 26168 0 Was the entire body paralysed? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have difficulty swallowing? 26168 0 Did (s)he have difficulty swallowing for at least one week before death? 26168 0 Did (s)he have difficulty with swallowing solids? 26168 0 Did (s)he have difficulty with swallowing liquids? 26168 0 Did (s)he have pain upon swallowing? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have yellow discolouration of th 26168 0 Did (s)he have the yellow discolouration for at least 3 weeks before death? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did her/his hair change to a reddish or ye 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he look pale (thinning/lack of bloo 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he have sunken eyes? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did (s)he drink a lot more water than usua 26168 0 Was the baby able to suckle or bottle-feed within the first 24 hours after birth 26168 0 Did the baby ever suckle in a normal way? 26168 0 Did the baby stop suckling? 26168 0 Did the baby stop suckling on the 2nd day of life or later? 26168 0 Did the baby have convulsions starting within the first 24 hours of life? 26168 0 Did the baby have convulsions starting more than 24 hours after birth? 26168 0 Did the baby's body become stiff, with the back arched backwards? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did the baby have a bulging or raised font 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did the baby have a sunken fontanelle? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did the baby become unresponsive or uncons 26168 0 Did the baby become unresponsive or unconscious soon after birth, within less th 26168 0 Did the baby become unresponsive or unconscious more than 24 hours after birth? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did the baby become cold to touch? 26168 0 Was the baby more than 3 days old when it started feeling cold to touch? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did the baby become lethargic, after a per 26168 0 Did the baby have redness or discharge from the umbilical cord stump? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did the baby have skin ulcer(s) or pits? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did the baby have yellow skin, palms (hand 26168 0 Did the baby or infant appear to be healthy and then just die suddenly? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did she have any swelling or lump in the b 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did she have any ulcers (pits) in the brea 26168 0 Did she ever have a period or menstruate? 26168 0 During the illness that led to death, did she have excessive vaginal bleeding in 26168 0 Was the bleeding excessive? 26168 0 Did her menstrual period stop naturally because of menopause? 26168 0 Did she have vaginal bleeding after cessation of menstruation? 26168 0 Was there excessive vaginal bleeding in the week prior to death? 26168 0 At the time of death was her period overdue? 26168 0 Had her period been overdue for at least 4 weeks? 26168 0 Did she have a sharp pain in her abdomen shortly before death? 26168 0 Was she pregnant (incl. in labour) at the time of death? 26168 0 Did she die within 6 weeks of delivery, abortion or miscarriage? 26168 0 Was she, or had she been, pregnant for less than 6 months when she died? 26168 0 Please confirm: When she died, she was NEITHER pregnant NOR had recently been pr 26168 0 Did she die during labour or delivery? 26168 0 Did she die after delivering a baby? 26168 0 Did she die within 24 hours after delivery? 26168 0 Did she die within 6 weeks of childbirth? 26168 0 Did she give birth to a live baby (within 6 weeks of her death)? 26168 0 Did she die during or after a multiple pregnancy? 26168 0 Was she breastfeeding the child in the days before death? 26168 0 Did she die during or after her first pregnancy? 26168 0 Did she have four or more pregnancies before this one? 26168 0 Had she had any previous Caesarean section? 26168 0 During pregnancy, did she suffer from high blood pressure? 26168 0 Did she have foul smelling vaginal discharge during pregnancy or after delivery? 26168 0 During the last 3 months of pregnancy, did she suffer from convulsions? 26168 0 During the last 3 months of pregnancy did she suffer from blurred vision? 26168 0 Did she have excessive bleeding during pregnancy or shortly after delivery? 26168 0 Was there vaginal bleeding during the first 6 months of pregnancy? 26168 0 Was there vaginal bleeding during the last 3 months of pregnancy but before labo 26168 0 Did she have excessive bleeding during labour, before delivery? 26168 0 Did she have excessive bleeding after delivery or abortion? 26168 0 Was the placenta completely delivered? 26168 0 Did she deliver or try to deliver an abnormally positioned baby? 26168 0 Did her labour last longer than 24 hours? 26168 0 Did she attempt to terminate the pregnancy? 26168 0 Did she recently have a pregnancy that ended in an abortion (spontaneous or indu 26168 0 Did she die during an abortion? 26168 0 Did she die within 6 weeks of having an abortion? 26168 0 Did the mother deliver at a health facility or clinic? 26168 0 Did the mother deliver at home? 26168 0 Did the mother deliver elsewhere (not at a health facility nor at home)? 26168 0 Did she receive professional assistance during the delivery? 26168 0 Did she have an operation to remove her uterus shortly before death? 26168 0 Was the delivery normal vaginal, without forceps or vacuum? 26168 0 Was the delivery vaginal, with forceps or vacuum? 26168 0 Was the delivery a Caesarean section? 26168 0 Was her baby born more than one month early? 26168 0 26168 0 If the child was part of a multiple birth, was it born first? 26168 0 Is the child's mother still alive? 26168 0 Did the child's mother die during or shortly after the delivery? 26168 0 Did the child's mother die in the baby's first year of life? 26168 0 Was the baby born in a health facility or clinic? 26168 0 Was the baby born at home? 26168 0 Was the baby born somewhere else (e.g. on the way to a clinic)? 26168 0 Did the mother receive professional assistance during the delivery? 26168 0 At birth, was the baby of usual size? 26168 0 At birth, was the baby smaller than normal (weighing under 2.5 kg)? 26168 0 At birth, was the baby very much smaller than usual, (weighing under 1 kg)? 26168 0 At birth, was the baby larger than normal (weighing over 4.5 kg)? 26168 0 Was the baby born during the ninth month (at least 37 weeks) of pregnancy? 26168 0 Was the baby born during the eighth month (34 to 37 weeks) of pregnancy? 26168 0 Was the baby born before the eighth month (less than 34 weeks) of pregnancy? 26168 0 Were there any complications in the late part of the pregnancy (defined as the l 26168 0 Were there any complications during labour or delivery? 26168 0 Was any part of the baby physically abnormal at time of delivery? (for example: 26168 0 Did the baby/child have a swelling or defect on the back? 26168 0 Did the baby/child have a very large head? 26168 0 Did the baby/child have a very small head? 26168 0 Was the baby moving in the last few days before the birth? 26168 0 Did the baby stop moving in the womb before labour started? 26168 0 Did labour and delivery take more than 24 hours? 26168 0 Was the baby born 24 hours or more after the waters broke? 26168 0 Was the liquor foul smelling when the waters broke? 26168 0 Was the liquor a green or brown colour when the waters broke? 26168 0 Was the delivery normal vaginal, without forceps or vacuum? 26168 0 Was the delivery vaginal, with forceps or vacuum? 26168 0 Was the delivery a Caesarean section? 26168 0 Did the child's mother receive any vaccinations since reaching adulthood includi 26168 0 Did the mother receive tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine? 26168 0 Was this baby born from the mother's first pregnancy? 26168 0 Did the baby's mother have four or more births before this one? 26168 0 During labour, did the baby's mother suffer from fever? 26168 0 During the last 3 months of pregnancy, labour or delivery, did the baby's mother 26168 0 Did the baby's mother have diabetes mellitus? 26168 0 Did the baby's mother have foul smelling vaginal discharge during pregnancy or a 26168 0 During the last 3 months of pregnancy, labour or delivery, did the baby's mother 26168 0 During the last 3 months of pregnancy did the baby's mother suffer from blurred 26168 0 Did the baby's mother have severe anaemia? 26168 0 Did the baby's mother have vaginal bleeding during the last 3 months of pregnanc 26168 0 Did the baby's bottom, feet, arm or hand come out of the vagina before its head? 26168 0 Was the umbilical cord wrapped more than once around the baby's neck at birth? 26168 0 Was the umbilical cord delivered first? 26168 0 Was the baby blue in colour at birth? 26168 0 Before the illness that led to death, was the baby/child growing normally? 26168 0 Did (s)he drink alcohol? 26168 0 Did (s)he use tobacco? 26168 0 Did (s)he smoke tobacco (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.)? 26168 0 Did (s)he use non-smoking tobacco? 26168 0 Did (s)he smoke at least 10 cigarettes daily? 26168 0 Did (s)he receive any treatment for the illness that led to death? 26168 0 Did (s)he receive oral rehydration salts? 26168 0 Did (s)he receive (or need) intravenous fluids (drip) treatment? 26168 0 Did (s)he receive (or need) a blood transfusion? 26168 0 Did (s)he receive (or need) treatment/food through a tube passed through the nos 26168 0 Did (s)he receive (or need) injectable antibiotics? 26168 0 Did (s)he receive (or need) antiretroviral therapy (ART)? 26168 0 Did (s)he have (or need) an operation for the illness? 26168 0 Did (s)he have the operation within 1 month before death? 26168 0 Was (s)he discharged from hospital very ill? 26168 0 Did (s)he receive appropriate immunizations? 26168 0 In the final days before death, did s/he travel to a hospital or health facility 26168 0 Did (s)he use motorised transport to get to the hospital or health facility? 26168 0 Were there any problems during admission to the hospital or health facility? 26168 0 Were there any problems with the way (s)he was treated (medical treatment, proce 26168 0 Were there any problems getting medications, or diagnostic tests in the hospital 26168 0 Does it take more than 2 hours to get to the nearest hospital or health facility 26168 0 In the final days before death, were there any doubts about whether medical care 26168 0 In the final days before death, was traditional medicine used? 26168 0 In the final days before death, did anyone use a telephone or cell phone to call 26168 0 Over the course of illness, did the total costs of care and treatment prohibit o 26168 0 Was there any diagnosis by a health professional of COVID-19? 26168 0 Did s(h)e have a recent test by a health professional for COVID-19? 26168 0 What was the result of the Covid-19 test? 23509 2659 1 Positive 7 2 Negative 2 3 Unclear 0 993 Refused 0 997 Not Applicable 23500 998 Don't know 0 Sysmiss 2659 Did (s)he experience a new loss, change or decreased sense of smell or taste? 26168 0 Did s(h)e suffer from extreme fatigue? 26168 0